Cassandra#
A production grade NoSQL database.
Can be distributed across servers, nodes, etc.
Replication of database is supported for high degree of redundancy and speed.
Uses CQL, a subset of SQL for querying.
Works seamlesly together with Spark and its corresponding distributed structure.
Installation of Cassandra is explained in the Installation chapter.
Spinning up a local Cassandra instance#
In a terminal, first time:
docker run --name my_cassandra -p 9042:9042 cassandra:latest
… and later:
docker start my_cassandra
… or in Docker Desktop:
Run the cassandra docker image with optional settings, opening 9042 port and setting a name.
Later, simply run the container with the name you chose.
Connect to the Cassandra cluster from Python.#
# Connecting to Cassandra
from cassandra.cluster import Cluster
cluster = Cluster(['localhost'], port=9042)
session = cluster.connect()
Keyspace#
In Cassandra database tables are stored in keyspaces (basically a distributed database).
These have parameters controlling their distribution on nodes/servers and redundancy.
We will use the simplest form locally.
# Set up new keyspace (first time only)
# name of keyspace replication strategy replication factor
session.execute("CREATE KEYSPACE IF NOT EXISTS my_first_keyspace WITH REPLICATION = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 };")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x10425a330>
Create a table#
IF NOT EXISTS makes sure we do not overwrite existing tables
# Create a new table (first time only)
session.set_keyspace('my_first_keyspace')
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.my_first_table;") # Starting from scratch every time
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS my_first_table (ind int PRIMARY KEY, company text, model text);")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e1a7e0>
Inserting and reading data#
# Insert some data (ind is the primary key, must be unique)
session.execute("INSERT INTO my_first_table (ind, company, model) VALUES (1, 'Tesla', 'Model S');")
session.execute("INSERT INTO my_first_table (ind, company, model) VALUES (2, 'Tesla', 'Model 3');")
session.execute("INSERT INTO my_first_table (ind, company, model) VALUES (3, 'Polestar', '3');")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e1b980>
# Query the data
rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM my_first_table;")
for i in rows:
print(i)
Row(ind=1, company='Tesla', model='Model S')
Row(ind=2, company='Tesla', model='Model 3')
Row(ind=3, company='Polestar', model='3')
Case sensitivity#
Cassandra is by default case insensitive in column names.
To use column names with capital letters, use double quotation marks both when creating tables and when inserting data.
The effect of insensitivity may be surprising.
Look carefully at the use of quotation marks and error message below.
session.set_keyspace('my_first_keyspace')
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.case_insensitive;") # Starting from scratch every time
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS case_insensitive (Capital int PRIMARY KEY, Letters text, Everywhere text);")
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.case_sensitive;") # Starting from scratch every time
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS case_sensitive (\"Capital\" int PRIMARY KEY, \"Letters\" text, \"Everywhere\" text);")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e21e20>
session.execute("INSERT INTO case_insensitive (Capital, Letters, Everywhere) VALUES (1, 'Tesla', 'Model S');")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e18e00>
session.execute("INSERT INTO case_sensitive (Capital, Letters, Everywhere) VALUES (1, 'Tesla', 'Model S');")
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
InvalidRequest Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[8], line 1
----> 1 session.execute("INSERT INTO case_sensitive (Capital, Letters, Everywhere) VALUES (1, 'Tesla', 'Model S');")
File ~/miniforge3/envs/ind320_25/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cassandra/cluster.py:2677, in Session.execute(self, query, parameters, timeout, trace, custom_payload, execution_profile, paging_state, host, execute_as)
2634 def execute(self, query, parameters=None, timeout=_NOT_SET, trace=False,
2635 custom_payload=None, execution_profile=EXEC_PROFILE_DEFAULT,
2636 paging_state=None, host=None, execute_as=None):
2637 """
2638 Execute the given query and synchronously wait for the response.
2639
(...) 2674 on a DSE cluster.
2675 """
-> 2677 return self.execute_async(query, parameters, trace, custom_payload, timeout, execution_profile, paging_state, host, execute_as).result()
File ~/miniforge3/envs/ind320_25/lib/python3.12/site-packages/cassandra/cluster.py:4956, in ResponseFuture.result(self)
4954 return ResultSet(self, self._final_result)
4955 else:
-> 4956 raise self._final_exception
InvalidRequest: Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="Undefined column name capital in table my_first_keyspace.case_sensitive"
session.execute("INSERT INTO case_sensitive (\"Capital\", \"Letters\", \"Everywhere\") VALUES (1, 'Tesla', 'Model S');")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e306b0>
# Query the data
rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM case_insensitive;")
for i in rows:
print(i)
rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM case_sensitive;")
for i in rows:
print(i)
Row(capital=1, everywhere='Model S', letters='Tesla')
Row(Capital=1, Everywhere='Model S', Letters='Tesla')
Asyncronous writing#
If your application is very data intensive, waiting for a response is not productive.
Writing asyncronously sends the data but does not pause for reply.
session.execute_async("INSERT INTO my_first_table (ind, company, model) VALUES (4, 'Volkswagen', 'ID.4');")
<ResponseFuture: query='<SimpleStatement query="INSERT INTO my_first_table (ind, company, model) VALUES (4, 'Volkswagen', 'ID.4');", consistency=Not Set>' request_id=63 result=(no result yet) exception=None coordinator_host=None>
# Query the data
rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM my_first_table;")
for i in rows:
print(i)
Row(ind=1, company='Tesla', model='Model S')
Row(ind=2, company='Tesla', model='Model 3')
Row(ind=4, company='Volkswagen', model='ID.4')
Row(ind=3, company='Polestar', model='3')
# More specific query
prepared_statement = session.prepare("SELECT * FROM my_first_table WHERE company=? ALLOW FILTERING;")
teslas = session.execute(prepared_statement, ['Tesla'])
for i in teslas:
print(i)
Row(ind=1, company='Tesla', model='Model S')
Row(ind=2, company='Tesla', model='Model 3')
Cassandra filtering#
Cassandra is inherently a distributed production database. Selecting as above may require downloading all data from a node, then filtering based on the WHERE part (only PRIMARY KEYs are centrally known). Solutions:
If the table is small or most of the data will satisfy the query, add
ALLOW FILTERINGat the end of the query (not recommended if not known).Or make sure the WHERE clause points to one of the keys (see below).
# Create a new table (observe keys)
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.car_table;")
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS car_table (company text, model text, PRIMARY KEY(company, model));")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e72930>
# Insert some data (combination of company and model must be unique)
session.execute("INSERT INTO car_table (company, model) VALUES ('Tesla', 'Model S');")
session.execute("INSERT INTO car_table (company, model) VALUES ('Tesla', 'Model 3');")
session.execute("INSERT INTO car_table (company, model) VALUES ('Polestar', '3');")
session.execute("INSERT INTO car_table (company, model) VALUES ('Volkswagen', 'ID.4');")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e30f50>
# More specific query now works
prepared_statement = session.prepare("SELECT * FROM car_table WHERE company=?;")
teslas = session.execute(prepared_statement, ['Tesla'])
for i in teslas:
print(i)
Row(company='Tesla', model='Model 3')
Row(company='Tesla', model='Model S')
Partitions#
Cassandra databases are usually replicated over different nodes.
Data is stored in partitions (subsets) which have local copys.
The primary key, e.g., PRIMARY KEY(company, model), is used in partitioning.
The first part, e.g., company, is most important.
All cars from a company will be located together, aiming for quicker queries.
Unique IDs#
In MySQL one could use the attribute AUTO_INCREMENT on integer IDs to automatically make a new unique index when inserting data.
This would cause unreasonable overhead in a distributed database.
UUIDs are used instead.
Universally Unique Identifiers are typically 128-bit random bit sequences with extremely low probability of duplication.
Cassandra uses a timeuuid type to combine a timestamp and uuid in one.
# Create a new table (first time only)
session.set_keyspace('my_first_keyspace')
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.table_with_uuid;")
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS table_with_uuid (id timeuuid PRIMARY KEY, company text, model text, price float);")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x1046e3980>
session.execute("INSERT INTO table_with_uuid (id, company, model, price) VALUES (now(), 'Tesla', 'Model S', 20000.0);")
session.execute("INSERT INTO table_with_uuid (id, company, model, price) VALUES (now(), 'Tesla', 'Model S', 21000.0);")
session.execute("INSERT INTO table_with_uuid (id, company, model, price) VALUES (now(), 'Oldsmobile', 'Model 6C', 135000.0);")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x1058caea0>
from cassandra.util import datetime_from_uuid1
# Query the data
rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM table_with_uuid;")
for i in rows:
print(i)
# Extract the timestamp from Cassandra's timeuuid
print("Datetime:", datetime_from_uuid1(i.id))
Row(id=UUID('e5f13990-8a55-11f0-9786-e764fe77f234'), company='Oldsmobile', model='Model 6C', price=135000.0)
Datetime: 2025-09-05 12:43:18.313000
Row(id=UUID('e5f09d50-8a55-11f0-9786-e764fe77f234'), company='Tesla', model='Model S', price=20000.0)
Datetime: 2025-09-05 12:43:18.309000
Row(id=UUID('e5f0eb70-8a55-11f0-9786-e764fe77f234'), company='Tesla', model='Model S', price=21000.0)
Datetime: 2025-09-05 12:43:18.311000
JSON in Cassandra#
Read previously saved JSON file forecast.json to memory#
import json
with open('../3_APIs/downloads/forecast.json', 'r') as f:
forecast = json.load(f)
# Inspect JSON file
forecast.__str__()
"{'cod': '200', 'message': 0, 'cnt': 40, 'list': [{'dt': 1756825200, 'main': {'temp': 290.55, 'feels_like': 290.46, 'temp_min': 290.55, 'temp_max': 291.43, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 81, 'temp_kf': -0.88}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 75}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.27, 'deg': 128, 'gust': 2.71}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.28, 'rain': {'3h': 0.21}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756836000, 'main': {'temp': 289.91, 'feels_like': 289.78, 'temp_min': 288.63, 'temp_max': 289.91, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 1.28}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 83}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.64, 'deg': 120, 'gust': 1.46}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756846800, 'main': {'temp': 289.82, 'feels_like': 289.61, 'temp_min': 289.45, 'temp_max': 289.82, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 79, 'temp_kf': 0.37}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 92}, 'wind': {'speed': 2, 'deg': 117, 'gust': 1.9}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756857600, 'main': {'temp': 286.85, 'feels_like': 286.42, 'temp_min': 286.85, 'temp_max': 286.85, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 81}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.45, 'deg': 108, 'gust': 2.35}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756868400, 'main': {'temp': 286.11, 'feels_like': 285.6, 'temp_min': 286.11, 'temp_max': 286.11, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 97}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.61, 'deg': 113, 'gust': 2.62}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756879200, 'main': {'temp': 288.14, 'feels_like': 287.78, 'temp_min': 288.14, 'temp_max': 288.14, 'pressure': 1006, 'sea_level': 1006, 'grnd_level': 957, 'humidity': 80, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 99}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.62, 'deg': 69, 'gust': 3.7}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756890000, 'main': {'temp': 287.6, 'feels_like': 287.56, 'temp_min': 287.6, 'temp_max': 287.6, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 94, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.12, 'deg': 63, 'gust': 3.28}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 2.29}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756900800, 'main': {'temp': 287.91, 'feels_like': 287.92, 'temp_min': 287.91, 'temp_max': 287.91, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 95, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 501, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'moderate rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.07, 'deg': 70, 'gust': 3.13}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 3.6}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756911600, 'main': {'temp': 287.9, 'feels_like': 287.91, 'temp_min': 287.9, 'temp_max': 287.9, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 95, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 501, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'moderate rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.59, 'deg': 108, 'gust': 1.53}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 3.22}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756922400, 'main': {'temp': 287.82, 'feels_like': 287.77, 'temp_min': 287.82, 'temp_max': 287.82, 'pressure': 1004, 'sea_level': 1004, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 93, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.15, 'deg': 244, 'gust': 1.27}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 0.88}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756933200, 'main': {'temp': 285.54, 'feels_like': 285.21, 'temp_min': 285.54, 'temp_max': 285.54, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 91, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 26}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.16, 'deg': 85, 'gust': 2.14}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756944000, 'main': {'temp': 284.88, 'feels_like': 284.43, 'temp_min': 284.88, 'temp_max': 284.88, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 89, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 40}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.55, 'deg': 89, 'gust': 2.34}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756954800, 'main': {'temp': 284.77, 'feels_like': 284.29, 'temp_min': 284.77, 'temp_max': 284.77, 'pressure': 1004, 'sea_level': 1004, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 88, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 40}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.33, 'deg': 86, 'gust': 2.8}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756965600, 'main': {'temp': 286.75, 'feels_like': 286.41, 'temp_min': 286.75, 'temp_max': 286.75, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 86, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 71}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.54, 'deg': 83, 'gust': 4.74}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756976400, 'main': {'temp': 290.27, 'feels_like': 289.89, 'temp_min': 290.27, 'temp_max': 290.27, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 71, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.49, 'deg': 90, 'gust': 4.06}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756987200, 'main': {'temp': 291.75, 'feels_like': 291.47, 'temp_min': 291.75, 'temp_max': 291.75, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 69, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 87}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.04, 'deg': 116, 'gust': 5.38}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756998000, 'main': {'temp': 290.61, 'feels_like': 290.45, 'temp_min': 290.61, 'temp_max': 290.61, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 78, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.92, 'deg': 78, 'gust': 3.01}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757008800, 'main': {'temp': 290.58, 'feels_like': 290.39, 'temp_min': 290.58, 'temp_max': 290.58, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 77, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.61, 'deg': 128, 'gust': 2.58}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.27, 'rain': {'3h': 0.44}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757019600, 'main': {'temp': 288.55, 'feels_like': 288.57, 'temp_min': 288.55, 'temp_max': 288.55, 'pressure': 1006, 'sea_level': 1006, 'grnd_level': 957, 'humidity': 93, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 94}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.37, 'deg': 197, 'gust': 1.34}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 1.36}, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757030400, 'main': {'temp': 287.58, 'feels_like': 287.35, 'temp_min': 287.58, 'temp_max': 287.58, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 87, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 95}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.73, 'deg': 214, 'gust': 0.71}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 0.36}, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757041200, 'main': {'temp': 287.84, 'feels_like': 287.61, 'temp_min': 287.84, 'temp_max': 287.84, 'pressure': 1009, 'sea_level': 1009, 'grnd_level': 960, 'humidity': 86, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.25, 'deg': 333, 'gust': 0.33}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757052000, 'main': {'temp': 287.89, 'feels_like': 287.77, 'temp_min': 287.89, 'temp_max': 287.89, 'pressure': 1011, 'sea_level': 1011, 'grnd_level': 961, 'humidity': 90, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.65, 'deg': 274, 'gust': 0.63}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.2, 'rain': {'3h': 0.28}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757062800, 'main': {'temp': 288.74, 'feels_like': 288.63, 'temp_min': 288.74, 'temp_max': 288.74, 'pressure': 1013, 'sea_level': 1013, 'grnd_level': 963, 'humidity': 87, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 92}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.49, 'deg': 251, 'gust': 2.62}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.2, 'rain': {'3h': 0.2}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757073600, 'main': {'temp': 289.18, 'feels_like': 288.98, 'temp_min': 289.18, 'temp_max': 289.18, 'pressure': 1015, 'sea_level': 1015, 'grnd_level': 965, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 96}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.47, 'deg': 253, 'gust': 1.83}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.2, 'rain': {'3h': 0.12}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757084400, 'main': {'temp': 290.91, 'feels_like': 290.62, 'temp_min': 290.91, 'temp_max': 290.91, 'pressure': 1015, 'sea_level': 1015, 'grnd_level': 965, 'humidity': 72, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 48}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.95, 'deg': 258, 'gust': 1.2}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757095200, 'main': {'temp': 286.93, 'feels_like': 286.66, 'temp_min': 286.93, 'temp_max': 286.93, 'pressure': 1016, 'sea_level': 1016, 'grnd_level': 966, 'humidity': 88, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 60}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.99, 'deg': 3, 'gust': 0.98}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757106000, 'main': {'temp': 287.01, 'feels_like': 286.72, 'temp_min': 287.01, 'temp_max': 287.01, 'pressure': 1017, 'sea_level': 1017, 'grnd_level': 967, 'humidity': 87, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.83, 'deg': 94, 'gust': 1.87}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-05 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757116800, 'main': {'temp': 286.55, 'feels_like': 286.22, 'temp_min': 286.55, 'temp_max': 286.55, 'pressure': 1018, 'sea_level': 1018, 'grnd_level': 968, 'humidity': 87, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.16, 'deg': 281, 'gust': 0.3}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757127600, 'main': {'temp': 286.62, 'feels_like': 286.58, 'temp_min': 286.62, 'temp_max': 286.62, 'pressure': 1020, 'sea_level': 1020, 'grnd_level': 970, 'humidity': 98, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 501, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'moderate rain', 'icon': '10n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.65, 'deg': 275, 'gust': 1.77}, 'visibility': 3389, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 4.52}, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757138400, 'main': {'temp': 286.71, 'feels_like': 286.63, 'temp_min': 286.71, 'temp_max': 286.71, 'pressure': 1023, 'sea_level': 1023, 'grnd_level': 972, 'humidity': 96, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.47, 'deg': 259, 'gust': 2.88}, 'visibility': 3188, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 2.57}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757149200, 'main': {'temp': 288.57, 'feels_like': 288.26, 'temp_min': 288.57, 'temp_max': 288.57, 'pressure': 1024, 'sea_level': 1024, 'grnd_level': 974, 'humidity': 80, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 94}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.94, 'deg': 265, 'gust': 2.22}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757160000, 'main': {'temp': 290.47, 'feels_like': 290.01, 'temp_min': 290.47, 'temp_max': 290.47, 'pressure': 1025, 'sea_level': 1025, 'grnd_level': 974, 'humidity': 67, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 72}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.48, 'deg': 254, 'gust': 1.58}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757170800, 'main': {'temp': 290.87, 'feels_like': 290.34, 'temp_min': 290.87, 'temp_max': 290.87, 'pressure': 1025, 'sea_level': 1025, 'grnd_level': 975, 'humidity': 63, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 45}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.91, 'deg': 259, 'gust': 1.45}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757181600, 'main': {'temp': 286.35, 'feels_like': 285.87, 'temp_min': 286.35, 'temp_max': 286.35, 'pressure': 1026, 'sea_level': 1026, 'grnd_level': 975, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 35}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.3, 'deg': 241, 'gust': 1.01}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757192400, 'main': {'temp': 284.78, 'feels_like': 284.24, 'temp_min': 284.78, 'temp_max': 284.78, 'pressure': 1026, 'sea_level': 1026, 'grnd_level': 976, 'humidity': 86, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 0}, 'wind': {'speed': 0.56, 'deg': 115, 'gust': 0.74}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-06 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757203200, 'main': {'temp': 284.12, 'feels_like': 283.49, 'temp_min': 284.12, 'temp_max': 284.12, 'pressure': 1027, 'sea_level': 1027, 'grnd_level': 976, 'humidity': 85, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 0}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.31, 'deg': 88, 'gust': 1.36}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-07 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757214000, 'main': {'temp': 283.64, 'feels_like': 282.96, 'temp_min': 283.64, 'temp_max': 283.64, 'pressure': 1027, 'sea_level': 1027, 'grnd_level': 976, 'humidity': 85, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 6}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.6, 'deg': 79, 'gust': 1.71}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-07 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757224800, 'main': {'temp': 286.62, 'feels_like': 286.03, 'temp_min': 286.62, 'temp_max': 286.62, 'pressure': 1027, 'sea_level': 1027, 'grnd_level': 976, 'humidity': 77, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 6}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.42, 'deg': 72, 'gust': 1.56}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-07 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757235600, 'main': {'temp': 290.13, 'feels_like': 289.53, 'temp_min': 290.13, 'temp_max': 290.13, 'pressure': 1025, 'sea_level': 1025, 'grnd_level': 975, 'humidity': 63, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 7}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.33, 'deg': 50, 'gust': 1.73}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-07 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757246400, 'main': {'temp': 293.02, 'feels_like': 292.34, 'temp_min': 293.02, 'temp_max': 293.02, 'pressure': 1024, 'sea_level': 1024, 'grnd_level': 974, 'humidity': 49, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 800, 'main': 'Clear', 'description': 'clear sky', 'icon': '01d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 4}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.2, 'deg': 38, 'gust': 1.7}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-07 12:00:00'}], 'city': {'id': 3145614, 'name': 'Mo i Rana', 'coord': {'lat': 66.3128, 'lon': 14.1428}, 'country': 'NO', 'population': 17853, 'timezone': 7200, 'sunrise': 1756784463, 'sunset': 1756837537}}"
Raw JSON#
A simple, but not very efficient way of storing JSON data is to treat it as a text and save it directly to the database.
More efficient, with regard to transfer, is to compress the JSON data to a blob first.
Compression is automatic.
# Create a new table which treats the whole JSON as a blob, using the city id and the first dt as keys
session.set_keyspace('my_first_keyspace')
session.execute("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS my_first_keyspace.forecast_table;")
session.execute("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS forecast_table (city_id int, dt int, forecast blob, PRIMARY KEY(city_id, dt));")
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x104e217f0>
Insert the forecast data into the table as text blob#
session.execute("INSERT INTO forecast_table (city_id, dt, forecast) VALUES (%s, %s, textAsBlob(%s));", (forecast['city']['id'], forecast['list'][0]['dt'], forecast.__str__()))
<cassandra.cluster.ResultSet at 0x102ea8680>
# Query the data
forecast_rows = session.execute("SELECT * FROM forecast_table;")
print(forecast_rows.one()) # <- only one row
Row(city_id=3145614, dt=1756825200, forecast=b"{'cod': '200', 'message': 0, 'cnt': 40, 'list': [{'dt': 1756825200, 'main': {'temp': 290.55, 'feels_like': 290.46, 'temp_min': 290.55, 'temp_max': 291.43, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 81, 'temp_kf': -0.88}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 75}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.27, 'deg': 128, 'gust': 2.71}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.28, 'rain': {'3h': 0.21}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756836000, 'main': {'temp': 289.91, 'feels_like': 289.78, 'temp_min': 288.63, 'temp_max': 289.91, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 1.28}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 83}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.64, 'deg': 120, 'gust': 1.46}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756846800, 'main': {'temp': 289.82, 'feels_like': 289.61, 'temp_min': 289.45, 'temp_max': 289.82, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 79, 'temp_kf': 0.37}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 92}, 'wind': {'speed': 2, 'deg': 117, 'gust': 1.9}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-02 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756857600, 'main': {'temp': 286.85, 'feels_like': 286.42, 'temp_min': 286.85, 'temp_max': 286.85, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 81}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.45, 'deg': 108, 'gust': 2.35}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756868400, 'main': {'temp': 286.11, 'feels_like': 285.6, 'temp_min': 286.11, 'temp_max': 286.11, 'pressure': 1007, 'sea_level': 1007, 'grnd_level': 958, 'humidity': 82, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 97}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.61, 'deg': 113, 'gust': 2.62}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756879200, 'main': {'temp': 288.14, 'feels_like': 287.78, 'temp_min': 288.14, 'temp_max': 288.14, 'pressure': 1006, 'sea_level': 1006, 'grnd_level': 957, 'humidity': 80, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 99}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.62, 'deg': 69, 'gust': 3.7}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756890000, 'main': {'temp': 287.6, 'feels_like': 287.56, 'temp_min': 287.6, 'temp_max': 287.6, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 94, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.12, 'deg': 63, 'gust': 3.28}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 2.29}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756900800, 'main': {'temp': 287.91, 'feels_like': 287.92, 'temp_min': 287.91, 'temp_max': 287.91, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 95, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 501, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'moderate rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.07, 'deg': 70, 'gust': 3.13}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 3.6}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756911600, 'main': {'temp': 287.9, 'feels_like': 287.91, 'temp_min': 287.9, 'temp_max': 287.9, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 95, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 501, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'moderate rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.59, 'deg': 108, 'gust': 1.53}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 3.22}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756922400, 'main': {'temp': 287.82, 'feels_like': 287.77, 'temp_min': 287.82, 'temp_max': 287.82, 'pressure': 1004, 'sea_level': 1004, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 93, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.15, 'deg': 244, 'gust': 1.27}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 0.88}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756933200, 'main': {'temp': 285.54, 'feels_like': 285.21, 'temp_min': 285.54, 'temp_max': 285.54, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 91, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 26}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.16, 'deg': 85, 'gust': 2.14}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-03 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756944000, 'main': {'temp': 284.88, 'feels_like': 284.43, 'temp_min': 284.88, 'temp_max': 284.88, 'pressure': 1005, 'sea_level': 1005, 'grnd_level': 955, 'humidity': 89, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 40}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.55, 'deg': 89, 'gust': 2.34}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 00:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756954800, 'main': {'temp': 284.77, 'feels_like': 284.29, 'temp_min': 284.77, 'temp_max': 284.77, 'pressure': 1004, 'sea_level': 1004, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 88, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 802, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'scattered clouds', 'icon': '03n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 40}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.33, 'deg': 86, 'gust': 2.8}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 03:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756965600, 'main': {'temp': 286.75, 'feels_like': 286.41, 'temp_min': 286.75, 'temp_max': 286.75, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 86, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 803, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'broken clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 71}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.54, 'deg': 83, 'gust': 4.74}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 06:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756976400, 'main': {'temp': 290.27, 'feels_like': 289.89, 'temp_min': 290.27, 'temp_max': 290.27, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 71, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.49, 'deg': 90, 'gust': 4.06}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 09:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756987200, 'main': {'temp': 291.75, 'feels_like': 291.47, 'temp_min': 291.75, 'temp_max': 291.75, 'pressure': 1002, 'sea_level': 1002, 'grnd_level': 953, 'humidity': 69, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 87}, 'wind': {'speed': 3.04, 'deg': 116, 'gust': 5.38}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 12:00:00'}, {'dt': 1756998000, 'main': {'temp': 290.61, 'feels_like': 290.45, 'temp_min': 290.61, 'temp_max': 290.61, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 78, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 804, 'main': 'Clouds', 'description': 'overcast clouds', 'icon': '04d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.92, 'deg': 78, 'gust': 3.01}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 15:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757008800, 'main': {'temp': 290.58, 'feels_like': 290.39, 'temp_min': 290.58, 'temp_max': 290.58, 'pressure': 1003, 'sea_level': 1003, 'grnd_level': 954, 'humidity': 77, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10d'}], 'clouds': {'all': 100}, 'wind': {'speed': 2.61, 'deg': 128, 'gust': 2.58}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 0.27, 'rain': {'3h': 0.44}, 'sys': {'pod': 'd'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 18:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757019600, 'main': {'temp': 288.55, 'feels_like': 288.57, 'temp_min': 288.55, 'temp_max': 288.55, 'pressure': 1006, 'sea_level': 1006, 'grnd_level': 957, 'humidity': 93, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 94}, 'wind': {'speed': 1.37, 'deg': 197, 'gust': 1.34}, 'visibility': 10000, 'pop': 1, 'rain': {'3h': 1.36}, 'sys': {'pod': 'n'}, 'dt_txt': '2025-09-04 21:00:00'}, {'dt': 1757030400, 'main': {'temp': 287.58, 'feels_like': 287.35, 'temp_min': 287.58, 'temp_max': 287.58, 'pressure': 1008, 'sea_level': 1008, 'grnd_level': 959, 'humidity': 87, 'temp_kf': 0}, 'weather': [{'id': 500, 'main': 'Rain', 'description': 'light rain', 'icon': '10n'}], 'clouds': {'all': 95}, 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See also